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Native Americans

Beginning Your Research

A word of advice from Rachal Mills Lennon, an expert on Southeastern Native American research:

“The first and best rule is this: one should proceed to research the family in the same manner as if the Indian tradition did not exist.”

Eastern Cherokee

The two largest groups of modern Cherokees are the western Cherokee Nation (http://www.cherokee.org) located in Oklahoma where the Cherokees were sent in 1838 – 39, and the Eastern Band of Cherokees (https://visitcherokeenc.com/#points-of-interest) here in North Carolina.

This guide focuses on resources dealing with the Eastern Band. (See American Indians of Oklahoma for western Cherokee Nation)

Once you have some clues indicating that a particular ancestor was Cherokee, consult the following books for information on specific resources:

To find other books on Cherokee history, search our catalog by Subject for Cherokee History.

Tribal Enrollment and Membership

Tribal Enrollment and Membership

You must meet the requirements to become a member of the Eastern Band:
Go to: http://visitcherokeenc.com/play/culture/genealogy/

Official Government Website of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
Go to: https://ebci.com/enrollment/

  1. A direct lineal ancestor must appear on the 1924 Baker Roll of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
  2. You must possess at least 1/16th degree of Eastern Cherokee blood.*

*Blood quantum is calculated from your ancestor listed on the 1924 Baker Roll. No DNA/blood testing is performed or acceptable for this calculation.

The 1924 Baker Roll is available in the following locations:

  • View the entire roll on microfilm at the Main Library, Gastonia, in the North Carolina Collection.
    • 929.3089975 BLA NCC. Cherokee Roots, Vol. 1 by Bob Blankenship has an index to the Baker Rolls.
    • 929.3 BLA NCC. 1924 Baker roll-final roll of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina. Bob Blankenship.
  • See it on Ancestry Library Edition under "U.S., Cherokee Baker Roll and Records, 1924-1929" available at all Gaston County libraries.
  • Access the Baker Rolls at Access Genealogy (free but registration required).
    Go to: https://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/1924-baker-roll.htm

Other Tribal Rolls and Sources

Other Tribal Rolls and Sources

There are many people who do have Cherokee ancestors even though they are not eligible for tribal membership. Below are some other sources used for working on the genealogy of a Cherokee family.

A good starting point: these articles that describe the various "rolls" -- lists of tribal members -- taken at different times in Cherokee history.

 

The 1909 Guion Miller Roll is of major use to Eastern Cherokee researchers. According to the National Archives, the "roll was prepared by Guion Miller from 45,847 applications covering about 90,000 persons. The applications, which have been reproduced on 348 rolls of microfilm as M1104, were received from persons living all over the United States (not just in Indian Territory) and contain the applicant's' name, residence, age, sex, place of birth, and information about children, parents, and other relatives. The index to applicants, which is reproduced on roll 1 of M1104, covers all of the applicants including the more than 60,000 whose claims were rejected." The publication, Records Relating to Enrollment of Eastern Cherokee by Guion Miller, 1908-1910, on microfilm as NARA M685, includes the final roll, testimony of witnesses, and copies of the earlier census rolls (example: Hester Roll, 1884) used to make the final determinations.

 

These files are included in Ancestry Library Edition as "U.S., Records Related to Enrollment of Eastern Cherokee by Guion Miller, 1908-1910." They can be searched and all the original applications have been digitized. Includes Hester Roll, 1884 and Index to Hester Roll, 1884.

 

Fold3 has a "Native American Collection" that includes Eastern Cherokee Applications of the U.S. Court of Claims, 1906-1909 (M1104), Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940 (M595), and The Guion Miller Roll (M685), which includes Hester Roll, 1884 and Index to Hester Roll, 1884.
Go to: https://fold3library.proquest.com/barcode?accountid=11047 Log into Fold3 with your library card.

 

The National Archives provides a  free online name index to the applications submitted for the Guion Miller Roll. These are digital images of the original typescript Index to Applications Submitted for the Eastern Cherokee Roll of 1909 (Guion Miller Roll)." You have to look through it; it is not searchable.
Go to: https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/rolls/guion-miller-rolls

The following books also have information relating to the 1909 Guion Miller Roll:

  • 929.3089975 BLA NCC. Cherokee Roots by Bob Blankenship includes a name index.
  • 929.3 BLA NCC. Guion Miller roll "plus" of Eastern Cherokee, east & west of Mississippi "1909" / by Bob Blankenship. "The 1909 Gunion Miller roll plus Dawes Roll information for those that were on both rolls. Includes all applicants for the Miller Roll, both accepted and not accepted for the court of claims settlement."
  • 929.3 JOR NCC. Cherokee by Blood: Records of Eastern Cherokee Ancestry in the U. S. Court of Claims, 1906-1910 (9 vols.) gives data from the Miller Roll.
  • 929.373 BOW NCC. Cherokee Descendants East: An Index to the Guion Miller Applications by Jeff Bowen.
  • 929.3 PAG NCC. Extract of the Rejected Applications of the Guion Miller Roll of the Eastern Cherokee (3 vols.) gives a lot of useful family data.
  • 929.39 BOW NCC. North Carolina Eastern Cherokee Indian Census, 1898 - 1899, 1904, 1906, 1909 - 1912, 1914. Transcribed by Jeff Bowen; recasting and expansion of 1998 publication by the same name. Census derives from National Archives microfilm series M595, Roll #22.

Census Resources

"North Carolina, U.S., Native American Census Selected Tribes, 1894-1913" located in Ancestry Library Edition. Census books enumerating Cherokee Indians living in communities and counties on the Cherokee or Qualla Reservations in western North Carolina are in this database.

"U.S., Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940" located in Ancestry Library Edition. This database contains an index to the Indian census rolls from 1885-1940. Includes Cherokee (North Carolina) 1898-99, 1904, 1906, 1909-12, 1914; 1915-22; 1923-29; 1930-32; 1933-39.

929.39 BOW NCC. North Carolina Eastern Cherokee Indian Census, 1898 - 1899, 1904, 1906, 1909 - 1912, 1914. Transcribed by Jeff Bowen; recasting and expansion of 1998 publication by the same name. Census derives from National Archives microfilm series M595, Roll #22.

929.3089975 BLA NCC. Cherokee Roots by Bob Blankenship includes a name index.
Volume 1: Members of the Cherokee Tribe residing East of the Mississippi River during the period 1817-1924.Volume 2: A companion book listing members of the Cherokee Tribe residing West of the Mississippi River. The Old Settler Rolls and Combination Index of the Guion Miller and Dawes Rolls are included. Drennen family names are also indexed.

Internet Resources

Catawba

The Catawba’s ancestral territory was in the border areas of North and South Carolina. Their headquarters today are in Rock Hill, York County, South Carolina. Go to: https://catawbaindian.net/

The Catawba Nation's Cultural Division is 'tasked with "protecting, preserving, promoting, and maintaining the rich cultural heritage of the Catawba Nation.' Go to: https://catawbaculture.org/

Printed Resources

To find books on the Catawbas, search our catalog by Subject for: Catawba Indians.

  • 929.1 QUA NCC. The Quarterly of the York County Genealogical and Historical Society has published a number of relevant articles.
  • 929.3 SOU NCC. South Carolina Indians, Indian Traders, and Other Ethnic Connections Beginning in 1670, edited by Theresa M. Hicks, refers to many Catawba families.
  • 929.3 SOU NCC. “Tribal Lists from 1849 (Greenville, Chester and York)”. Upper South Carolina Genealogy & History. Vol. 9 No. 3 (July 1995): Pages 89 – 91.
  • R970.1 HAN 2004. “Catawba and Neighboring Groups”. Handbook of North American Indians (2004 Ed.). Vol. 14: Pages 301 – 318.
  • 970.3 M NCC. The Indians’ New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal by James Merrell is a narrative history with detailed notes on sources.
  • 970.457 SOU NCC. The Colonial records of South Carolina. Board of Commissioners of the Indian Trade. Journals of the Commissioners of the Indian Trade, September 20, 1710-August 29, 1718. Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1992. Edited by William L. McDowell, Jr.
  • 970.457 SOU NCC. The Colonial records of South Carolina. Documents relating to Indian affairs. V. 1 Documents 1750-1754 -- V.2 Documents 1754-1765. Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History, 1992. Edited by William L. McDowell, Jr.
  • 975 GEN NCC. General Wool's Cherokee removal records. by James L. Douthat. These records contain the rations listing for "poor & destitute" Cherokee at Fort Butler in Murphy, NC, before their forced relocation to the West.
  • 975.004 KEN NCC. The Melungeons : the resurrection of a proud people : an untold story of ethnic cleansing in America, by N. Brent Kennedy with Robyn Vaughan Kennedy.
  • Catawba Indian Genealogy by Ian Watson, 1995. Compiled genealogy of part of the Catawba Indian tribe of South Carolina. Includes primary source documents: The Revolutionary paylist of 1780, The Catawba petition of 1792; The Catawba census of 1849, Massey's 1853 list of Catawbas, Catawba cemetery inscriptions, and The 1943 tribal roll.
  • Minutes of the Southern Congress at Augusta, Georgia; North Carolina; Cherokee Indian Nation; Catawba Indian Nation; Et Al. October 01, 1763 - November 21, 1763 Volume 11, Pages 156-207 (Catawba names mentioned in document related to land claimed by the Catawba Tribe under the Treaty of Pine Tree Hill in 1760 and as confirmed by the Treaty of Augusta in 1763)
Internet Resources

More Resources

If you are interested in searching for other Native American ancestry:

 

Author: Gaston County Public Library
Title: Finding Cherokee & Catawba Indian Ancestors
URL: http://gastonlibrary.libguides.com/native-americans/finding-cherokee-and-catawba-indian-ancestors
Revised: 4 March 2024

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